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There are five aspects to the process of reading: phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, reading comprehension and fluency.
Phonemes:
Phonemes are small units of sound. Phonemes are heard, not read.
Segmenting sounds and blending sounds “C” “A” “T” are an example of
phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness is closely related to phonics
because both involve the connection between sounds and words. While
phonics is the connection between sounds and letters, phonemic awareness
is the understanding that words are created from phonemes (small units
of sound in language).
Phonics:
Phonics is the connection between sounds and letter symbols. Phonics is
symbol-sound relationships. It is also the combination of these
symbol-sound connections to create words.
Graphemes: A
grapheme is the smallest semantically distinguishing unit in a written
language. It can be written letters or symbols that have meaning in a
language. In English, a written letter that has meaningful sound, such
as “P” is a grapheme.
Digraphs are combinations of two graphemes that are meaningful in a language such as “SH” and “WH.”
Vocabulary:
Vocabulary is the set of words that allow for meaningful oral and
written expression. Vocabulary words include the definitions that make
words meaningful in a language. Reflect for a moment on all those
vocabulary tests your child takes. They are different from spelling
tests. Spelling tests are about writing one word. Vocabulary is the
meaning underlying the word. So when your child studies his vocabulary
words, he studies the definitions of words that eventually he will put
together to communicate thoughts orally or in writing.
Fluency: Reading fluency is the ability to read phrases and sentences smoothly and quickly.
Comprehension: Reading comprehension is the ability to understand the meaning of what is read.
If you observe that your child is having difficulty with rhyming,
hearing and repeating sounds, sounding out letters or spoken language
asking for a reading assessment in school or seeking an outside
assessment is a good beginning.
